Water Concerns
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Food Science and Human Nutrition Program and Human Nutrition Program
At this point you have learned how critical is to support human life, how it is distributed and moved in the body, how fluid balance and composition is maintained, and the recommended amount of fluids a person should consume daily. In America you have a choice of thousands of different beverages. Which should you choose to receive the most health benefit and achieve your recommended fluid intake?
Reading the Label
Most beverages marketed in the United States have a panel and ingredients list, but some, such as coffee (for home consumption), beer, and wine, do not. As with foods, beverages that are nutrient-dense are the better choices, with the exception of plain water, which contains few to no other nutrients. Beverages do not make you full; they satiate your thirst. Therefore, the fewer calories in a beverage the better it is for avoiding weight gain. For an estimate of kilocalories in various beverages see Table 3.9 “Calories in Various Beverages”.
Table 3.9 Calories in Various Beverages
| Beverage | Serving Size (oz) | Kilocalories |
| Soda | 12.0 | 124–189 |
| Bottled sweet tea | 12.0 | 129–143 |
| Orange juice | 12.0 | 157–168 |
| Tomato/vegetable juice | 12.0 | 80 |
| Whole milk | 12.0 | 220 |
| Nonfat milk | 12.0 | 125 |
| Soy milk | 12.0 | 147–191 |
| Coffee, black | 12.0 | 0–4 |
| Coffee, with cream | 12.0 | 39–43 |
| Caffe latte, whole milk | 12.0 | 200 |
| Sports drink | 12.0 | 94 |
| Beer | 12.0 | 153 |
| White wine | 5.0 | 122 |
Beverage Consumption in the United States
According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation, in the United States in 2010 Americans consumed 29,325 millions of gallons of refreshment beverages including soft drinks, coffee, tea, sports drinks, energy drinks, fruit drinks, and bottled water.[1]
As in the past, carbonated soft drinks remained the largest category of consumed beverages. In recent decades total caloric consumption has increased in the United States and is largely attributed to increased consumption of snacks and caloric beverages. People between the ages of nineteen and thirty-nine obtain 10 percent of their total energy intake from soft drinks.[2]
In all age groups the consumption of total beverages provides, on average, 21 percent of daily caloric intake. This is 7 percent higher than the IOM acceptable caloric intake from beverages. Moreover, the high intakes of soft drinks and sugary beverages displace the intake of more nutrient-dense beverages, such as low-fat milk.
Scientific studies have demonstrated that while all beverages are capable of satisfying thirst they do not make you feel full, or satiated. This means that drinking a calorie-containing beverage with a meal only provides more calories, as it won’t be offset by eating less food. The Beverage Panel of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill has taken on the challenge of scientifically evaluating the health benefits and risks of beverage groups and providing recommendations for beverage groups (Table 3.10 “Recommendations of the Beverage Panel”). In regards to soft drinks and fruit drinks, The Beverage Panel states that they increase energy intake, are not satiating, and that there is little if any reduction in other foods to compensate for the excess calories. All of these factors contribute to increased energy intake and obesity.[3]
The Beverage Panel recommends an even lower intake of calories from beverages than IOM—10 percent or less of total caloric intake.
Table 3.10 Recommendations of the Beverage Panel
| Beverage | Servings per day* |
| Water | ≥ 4 (women), ≥ 6 (men) |
| Unsweetened coffee and tea | ≤ 8 for tea, ≤ 4 for coffee |
| Nonfat and low-fat milk; fortified soy drinks | ≤ 2 |
| Diet beverages with sugar substitutes | ≤ 4 |
| 100 percent fruit juices, whole milk, sports drinks | ≤ 1 |
| Calorie-rich beverages without nutrients | ≤ 1, less if trying to lose weight |
| *One serving is eight ounces. |
Source: Beverage Panel Recommendations and Analysis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. US Beverage Guidance Council. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/nutrans/policy/beverage/us-beverage-panel. Accessed November 6, 2012.
Sources of Drinking Water
Figure 3.12 Deadly Water-borne Illnesses In United States
Source: Image credit Robert Tauxe.
Drinking Water Week. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/features/drinkingwater/graph.html. Updated May 17, 2012. Aceessed September 22, 2017.
Chlorine reaction with inadequately filtered water can result in the formation of potentially harmful substances. Some of these chlorinated compounds, when present at extremely high levels, have been shown to cause cancer in studies conducted in rodents. In addition to many other contaminants, the EPA has set maximum contaminant levels (legal threshold limits) for these chlorinated compounds in water, in order to guard against disease risk. The oversight of public water systems in this country is not perfect and water-borne illnesses are significantly underreported; however, there are far fewer cases of water-borne illnesses than those attributed to food-borne illnesses that have occurred in the recent past.
Learning Activities
Technology Note: The second edition of the Human Nutrition Open Educational Resource (OER) textbook features interactive learning activities. These activities are available in the web-based textbook and not available in the downloadable versions (EPUB, Digital PDF, Print_PDF, or Open Document).
Learning activities may be used across various mobile devices, however, for the best user experience it is strongly recommended that users complete these activities using a desktop or laptop computer and in Google Chrome.
- US Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Increased by 1.2% in 2010, Beverage Marketing Corporation Reports. Beverage Marketing Corporation. http://www.beveragemarketing.com/?section=pressreleases. Published 2010. Accessed March 17, 2011. ↵
- Beverage Intake in the United States. The Beverage Panel, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/beverage. Accessed October 2, 2011. (See Figure 6.8 "Percentage of Daily Caloric Intake from Beverage Groups".) ↵
- US Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Increased by 1.2% in 2010, Beverage Marketing Corporation Reports.Beverage Marketing Corporation. http://www.beveragemarketing.com/?section=pressreleases. Accessed March 17, 2011. ↵
The universal chemical solvent in which most of the processes of life occur.
A portion of a food label that provides information about the overall nutritional composition of a food and how it fits in the overall diet.
Agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment